The Lingual Theory A Hybrid of Semiotics and Stand Point Theories of Analyzing Films

The Lingual Theory A Hybrid of Semiotics and Stand Point Theories of Analyzing Films The media is a road through which events occurring in a general public are conveyed to the crowd. Such correspondence is generally guided by explicit structures intended to convey data in a specific way. Colombo (2004) calls attention to that film and different types of mass correspondence credit to specific hypothetical structures to convey their message to the objective audience.Advertising We will compose a custom exploration paper test on The Lingual Theory: A Hybrid of Semiotics and Stand Point Theories of Analyzing Films explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, a portion of the speculations utilized in this field have been surpassed by occasions, rendering them superfluous in contemporary society. All things considered, it is occupant upon the partners to concoct new hypothetical systems that react to the developing needs in these evolving times. In the current paper, the creator tries to build up another hypothesis of correspondence concerning film. Colo mbo (2004) brings up that age of new hypotheses is made conceivable by expanding after existing models. To this end, the creator of this paper depends on the semiotics and point of view speculations to concoct another structure of correspondence. The use of these two speculations in the field of film age and dissemination is basically inspected in this article. Such evaluation causes the creator to think of a half breed hypothesis whose ideas expand on the shortcomings of the other two. The relevance of the new hypothetical model, named the lingual hypothesis, will be tried against a genuine situation in contemporary media. The Semiotics Theory of Communication The hypothetical structure is created from the investigation of signs and their related procedures and applications in correspondence. As indicated by Friedman and Thellefsen (2011), the hypothesis is firmly identified with the etymological model of investigating the structure of a specific language. The model assists with de ciding the importance of the different dialects utilized in correspondence. Friedman and Thellefsen (2011) include that the hypothesis of semiotics expands on etymological investigations. With this impact, it utilizes sign frameworks that are not themselves semantic in nature. In an offer to show the parts of the semiotics model of correspondence, Friedman and Thellefsen (2011) call attention to that signs structure the foundation of the hypothesis. Friedman and Thellefsen contend that the hypothetical system is applied in a wide exhibit of stages in the correspondence and media field. For instance, Friedman and Thellefsen (2011) are of the supposition that the hypothesis is utilized in the design and the sci-fi film ventures. The designers of this structure propose that individuals are normally creatures. Friedman and Thellefsen (2011) include that, because of their bestial nature, people can create and decipher signs. It is this turn of events and understanding of images that shap es the premise of the semiotics theory.Advertising Looking for research paper on interchanges media? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In investigating this hypothesis, Li (2011) places that there are three principle branches that give it its implications. The first is the branch that centers around the semantics of the language. Here, the significance of the signs utilized in correspondence is deciphered. What's more, the hypothesis takes a gander at the auxiliary relations between the offered hints. It is these relations that Li (2011) alludes to as the semantics. At long last, the model has a down to earth part to it. The component assists with deciding the connection between the sign utilizing specialists and the signs created. As such, it distinguishes the language corresponding to the client. The hypothesis is broadly utilized in correspondence given that language and semantics are significant segments of this marvel. I n such cases, the signs are created to shape a code. Such codes speak to a specific component of the general public (Alsina Jimenez, 2010). A case of its application is found in the symbolism used to delineate a particular wonder in the general public through the media. Alsina and Jimenez (2010) hold that ads and movies utilize sexual appeal to go over their message to the intended interest group. For this situation, the image of a lady is generally utilized. The need to build up this hypothesis comes from the two of the suspicions that are made. Friedman and Thellefsen (2011) call attention to that the model accept that societies are framed through language. Subsequently, the utilization of a language that seems, by all accounts, to be private makes a climate of shamefulness. Another assumption is made with respect to discourse in the general public. The hypothesis assumes that all people can convey in more than one ‘speech community’ (Colombo, 2004, p. 44). The two su ppositions are obviously in struggle with one another. Thus, a need emerges to produce a mix between the two (Friedman Thellefsen, 2011). The model demands that everyone can take an interest in the different discourse networks. Thus, the hypothesis infers that all societies have a comparative signage in their dialects (Friedman Thellefsen, 2011).Advertising We will compose a custom exploration paper test on The Lingual Theory: A Hybrid of Semiotics and Stand Point Theories of Analyzing Films explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such a supposition that isn't totally obvious. A case of the incorrect idea of such a speculation can be found in the generational hole between individuals. For example, some time ago certain delineations that are not being used today were acknowledged in the media. Alsina and Jimenez (2010) put forth a defense for woman's rights and how its acknowledgment shifts relying upon one’s age gathering. The age that lived in the fifties ackn owledged the picture of a compliant lady in the media. The equivalent is unsuitable in today’s society (Friedman Thellefsen, 2011). To the female viewing a 50s film today, a picture of a lady turning out to be in the kitchen seems like an unknown dialect. Such are the reasons why the hypothesis should be changed since symbolism is seen as a private language to individuals of various discourse networks. Point of view Theory of Communication In present day society, there exist different types of correspondence which are between emotional in nature. The point of view hypothesis is a structure created to break down talks of this structure (Anderson Baym, 2004, p. 589). The hypothetical model is of the view that people’s suppositions are shaped by their insight. Therefore, the suppositions shift contingent upon the degrees of information among various people. The points of view of the crowd according to a specific topic are based or educated by their past encounters. Anders on and Baym (2004) give a working meaning of the outlook idea to represent this model. Anderson and Baym (2004) conceptualize the idea as a particular area from where an individual ganders at their general public. The point of view model of correspondence centers around various issues. The components tended to incorporate sexual orientation, race, and social class (Anderson Baym, 2004). A case of the utilization of this hypothesis is apparent in the manner one sees an individual from the African American people group. The media delineations of the said racial group’s relationship with wrongdoing bolster the one-sided nature of such individual observations. A comparative circumstance is seen among the Hispanic people group. Nonetheless, an adjustment in their social class may prompt varieties in the recognitions agreed the people. The hypothesis is equivalent with women's liberation in mass correspondence (Anderson Baym, 2004). Like some other sociology model, the stance hypot hesis makes various presumptions. In their examination, Buzzanell (2003) confirms that the outlook model of correspondence is women's activist in nature. Similar stems from the supposition that social relations are comprehended based on cultural classes (Buzzanell, 2003). What's more, the hypothesis hypothesizes that the first class individuals from a general public master their sentiments on their inferiors. The high societies stifle the sentiments and government assistance of people in the lower echelons of the social stepping stool. The view further expect that the ‘standpoints’ of the social first class rank higher than those of people from the lower cadres.Advertising Searching for research paper on interchanges media? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The suppositions made by the stance hypothesis fuel the notions of those contradicted to it. The pundits contend that it centers around the underestimated bunches in the general public, forgetting about the others. As indicated by Intemann (2010), the reasonable structure is applied in examples where there is a need to delineate underestimation in the network. The most widely recognized case of the utilization of this hypothesis is in the investigation of the issue of bondage. At the hour of the slave exchange, the Africans offered to bondage were accepted to be from a second rate way of thinking. Thusly, films made in this field will in general delineate people of African starting points as substandard compared to the Caucasians (Intemann, 2010). In the advanced occasions, woman's rights has all the earmarks of being the most widely recognized channel through which the point of view hypothesis passes on data to the overall population (Buzzanell, 2003). A case of this application is made obvious in the African setting where radio is utilized by ladies to feature their sufferings in the general public. Such is a one-sided point of view given the way that it is biased to utilize the radio to deliver the issues identified with ladies along. Buzzanell (2003) brings up that broad communications display woman's rights by delineating ladies as substandard compared to men. Intemann (2010) brings up that the web age has made data available to numerous individuals. Thus, the

Andrew Carnegie Essays -- essays research papers

A man of Scotland, a recognized resident of the United States, and an altruist dedicated to the advancement of his general surroundings, Andrew Carnegie got popular at the turn of the twentieth century and turned into a genuine clothes to newfound wealth story. Conceived in Dunfermline, Scotland, on November 25, 1835, Andrew Carnegie entered the world in destitution. The child of a hand weaver, Carnegie got his solitary conventional instruction during the brief timeframe between his introduction to the world and his transition to the United States. At the point when steam hardware for meshing came into utilization, Carnegie’s father sold his weaving machines family products, cruising to America with his significant other and two children. As of now, Andrew was twelve, and his sibling, Thomas, was five. Showing up into New York on August 14, 1848, on board the Wiscasset from Glasgow, the Carnegies burned through brief period settling in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh, where family members previously existed and were there to give assistance. Allegheny City gave Carnegie’s first occupation, as a bobbin kid in a cotton manufacturing plant, working for $1.20 per week. His dad additionally worked there while h is mom bound shoes at home, making a miniscule measure of cash. In spite of the fact that the Carnegies needed cash, they had large amounts of standards and preparing for their kids. At age 15, Carnegie turned into a message detachment kid in Pittsburgh. He figured out how to send and decode telegrams and turned into a message administrator at 17 years old. Carnegie’s next employment was as a railroad representative, working for the Pennsylvania Railroad. He stirred his way up the stepping stool, through his commitment and fair want to succeed, to become train dispatcher and afterward division supervisor. Right now, youthful Carnegie, age 24, had just made some little ventures that established the frameworks of his what might be huge fortune. One of these speculations was the acquisition of stock in the Woodruff Sleeping Car Company. In 1864, Carnegie entered the iron business, yet didn't start to make steel until some other time. In 1873, he manufactured the Edgar Thomson works in Braddock, Pennsylvania, to make Bessemer steel. He built up numerous other steel plants, and in 1892, he blended the entirety of his inclinations into the Carnegie Steel Company. This demonstration from Carnegie is fitting with one of his most well known citations, "Put all of your investments tied up on one place, and afterward watch that basket." This firm got one of the best indu... ...fiting from Carnegie’s good cause incorporate different Carnegie historical centers of history, science, and workmanship, Carnegie Hall in New York, and other open lively associations. Prior to 1919, when Carnegie passed on, he had parted with $350,695,653, and at his demise, the last $30 million was moreover offered away to establishments, noble cause, and retired people. He left a blemish on society through his colossal money related arrangements, yet in addition with his own writing. Carnegie wanted to advance his thoughts and conclusions in print, and has composed numerous works sketching out these methods of reasoning, including Triumphant Democracy (1886), The Gospel of Wealth (1900), The Empire of Business (1902), Problems of Today (1908), and an Autobiography (1920) (Mitzen 182). In spite of the fact that Carnegie just stood somewhere close to 5’2" and 5’6", he "had to be an extraordinary, intense, taught monster of a man." His responsibility to others isn't just observed through his numerous big-hearted works, yet in the manner in which he lived, remembering his headstone for the Sleepy Hollow Cemetery of North Tarrytown, New York, where the tribute peruses, "Here lies a man who had the option to encircle himself with men far cleverer than himself."

How to Tie a Tie

How to Tie a Tie Ever since they were first introduced, ties have always been a symbol of nobility, honor, status and style.Any man who wants to command respect, exude confidence and communicate their sense of style cannot afford to ignore the tie, especially in formal situations.While many men actually do own ties, the problem is that some of them do not know how to tie the tie. And even for those who do, many of them are only conversant with one necktie knot.However, there are several ways to tie a tie, and if you only know one of them, you are not getting the most out of this fashion accessory.You might be wondering what the fuss is over different necktie knots.After all, so long as you have a tie on your neck, that’s all that counts, right?Wrong!Different necktie knots represent different things and are best for certain occasions or dressing styles.There are some knots that go best with certain types of shirt collars, some depend on the shape of a person’s face, some go better with certain fa bric materials, some are better for certain occasions, some signal power, and so on.Don’t believe me? Observe presidential speeches from different presidents and you will notice that most of them use the full Windsor knot.Observe most CEOs in less formal situations and you will notice that most of them use the half Windsor knot or the four in hand.Each necktie knot sends a different message, and the more conversant you are with the different styles, the more apt you will be at enhancing your appearance with the right style for the occasion.Below, we look at 7 ways of tying a necktie.THE FULL WINDSOR KNOTAlso known as the Double Windsor, this necktie knot was named after the Duke of Windsor.This knot is characterized by a large, symmetric triangular shape, and is best worn with shirts with a wide spread collar.It also looks great on men with a large neck. The full Windsor knot is a great choice for job interviews and formal occasions.Owing to its large knot and the fact that it has to be symmetrical, the full Windsor knot can be a bit difficult to achieve for someone who does not wear ties regularly.Below are the steps to follow to achieve the full Windsor knot. Start by placing the necktie around your neck with the wide end of the tie hanging about five inches below your waistline.Pick the wide end of the necktie and cross it horizontally above the slim end of the tie, such that the two form an X just below your chin.While using two fingers (the thumb and forefinger) to hold the X in place, tuck in the wide end of the necktie below and behind the X, so that it emerges from behind the X pointing upwards.Pull the wide end all the way through and let it fall downwards over the front of the X shape.Once again, pick the wider end of the tie and cross it horizontally behind the knot.Pass the wider tip upwards and loop it diagonally over the loop around your neck, such that the wider end emerges behind this loop facing downwards.Placing a finger in front of the kno t, cross the wide end horizontally in front of the knot and above your finger. The finger ensures that a space is left between the band formed by the necktie and the knot.Tuck the wide end of the necktie below and behind the knot so that the tip emerges pointing upwards behind the knot.Turn the wide end so that it faces downwards and slip it through the horizontal loop you created with your finger in step 7.Pull the wide tip all the way down till the knot becomes tight. If there are any creases in the knot, smooth them out. There, your full Windsor knot will be ready.THE HALF WINDSOR KNOTThe half Windsor knot is a more modest and less showy version of the full Windsor knot.Just like the full Windsor, the half Windsor is symmetrical, but the knot is a bit smaller.The half Windsor is a great choice for thick and medium width neckties.Since it uses less length compared to the full Windsor, the half Windsor is also a great option for tall and big men who want to wear a regular length ti e.The half Windsor knot is quite easy to achieve, even for beginners.Below are the steps on how to achieve a half Windsor knot. Start by placing the necktie around your neck such that the wide tip of the necktie is on your right side and hanging down to your right thigh, while the thin tip should be somewhere around your rib cage.Grab the wide end and cross it above the thinner end of the tie, such that the two form an X just below your chin.Holding the center of the X in place with your finger, once again grab the wider end of the tie and loop it horizontally behind the thinner end.Wrap the wider end of the necktie diagonally around the loop around your neck, then push it downwards such that it emerges on your right side behind the knot. Pull until the knot feels tight.Placing a finger in front of the knot, cross the wide end horizontally from right to left in front of the knot and above your finger. The finger ensures that a space is left between the band formed by the necktie and the knot.Tuck the wide end of the necktie below and behind the knot so that the tip emerges pointing upwards behind the knot.Turn the wide end so that it faces downwards and slip it through the horizontal loop you created with your finger in step 5.Pull the wide tip all the way down till the knot becomes tight. If there are any creases in the knot, smooth them out. There, your half Windsor knot will be ready.If you want to adjust the length of the necktie, just hold the knot and pull it towards your neck while pulling the thin end of the necktie downwards.THE FOUR IN HAND KNOTThis is one of the simplest and most common necktie knots for beginners.If you learned how to tie a tie in school, you probably learned the four in hand knot.The four in hand is easy to learn and less tricky to achieve because it is slightly asymmetrical.According to fashion folklore, this is an old method that British horsemen used to tie their scarves with one hand, while the other hand held the reins of fou r horses â€" hence the name four in hand.The four in hand knot is best suited for relaxed occasions.Since it has a narrower shape, it is a great choice for button-down collar dress shirts and narrow spread collars.It also doesn’t use up a lot of the tie’s length, which makes it a great choice for tall and big men who want to wear a regular length tie.Below are the steps on how to achieve the four in hand knot. Drape the necktie around your neck, with the wider end a couple of inches lower than the thinner end.Grab the wide end and cross it above the thinner end of the tie, such that the two form an X just below your chin.Holding the center of the X in place with your finger, grab the wider end of the tie and loop it horizontally behind the thinner end.Place a finger in front of the knot and cross the wider end of the necktie horizontally in front of the knot and above your finger. The finger ensures that a space is left between the band formed by the necktie and the knot.Tuck th e wide end of the necktie below and behind the knot so that the tip emerges pointing upwards behind the knot.Turn the wide end so that it faces downwards and slip it through the horizontal loop you created with your finger in step 4.Pull the wide tip all the way down till the knot becomes tight. To make the knot tighter, hold the knot and gently tug on the thin end of the necktie. If there are any creases in the knot, smooth them out. There, your four in hand knot will be ready.THE ORIENTAL KNOTAlso known as the simple knot, the Petit Noeud, or the Kent knot, this is one of the simplest necktie knots you will ever encounter.It takes very few steps to achieve the oriental knot, and it doesn’t need a lot of necktie length.While it is a simple knot to achieve, it is not common in the west. It is a lot more popular in Asia (and especially China), which is why it is known as the oriental knot.The oriental knot is characterized by an asymmetry that causes it to lean towards the active e nd.The oriental knot appears a bit small when well tightened, which makes it a great choice for small collar spreads and men with narrow faces.It is also a great choice for tall people, since it does not use up a lot of necktie length. The oriental knot is best suited for business casual, social events, and other types of laid back occasions.Perhaps the reason why the oriental knot is not common in the west is due to the fact that it is not self-releasing.This means that you have to untie the whole knot, unlike other popular knots like the Windsor and the four in hand, which can be untangled by simply pulling the knot downwards.Despite this, it is still a great knot to show your laid back style.Below are the steps to follow to achieve the oriental knot. Place the necktie around your neck, with the seam facing outwards and the wider end of the tie a couple inches below your desired finishing position.Cross the wider end of the necktie below the narrow end to form an X just below your neck.Keeping a finger above the X, cross the wider end horizontally in front of the X and above your finger. The finger ensures that a space is left between the band formed by the necktie and the knot.Tuck the wide end of the necktie below and behind the knot so that the tip emerges pointing upwards behind the knot.Turn the wide end so that it faces downwards and slip it through the horizontal loop you created with your finger in step 3.Pull the wide tip all the way down till the knot becomes tight. To adjust the tie, hold the knot in one hand and gently pull on the thinner end. With these 6 steps, your oriental knot will be ready.THE KELVIN KNOTFor those looking for a more creative way to wear your necktie, the Kelvin knot is a great choice.While it seems a bit advanced, you won’t really find it challenging if you have already learnt how to achieve the oriental knot or the four in hand.The Kelvin knot is named after mathematical physicist Lord Kelvin. The Kelvin knot is characte rized by a small to medium sized knot, almost similar in size to the four in hand.Like the oriental knot, it starts with the seams of the tie facing outwards.The Kelvin knot is a great choice for button down collars and point collars, and is most suitable for men with smaller faces.The Kelvin knot is appropriate for both business and casual settings.Below are steps on how to achieve the Kelvin knot. Start by placing the necktie around your neck, with the seam facing outwards and the wider end of the tie a couple inches below your desired finishing position.Cross the wider end of the necktie below the narrow end to form an X just below your neck.Cross the wider end horizontally in front of the X and then wrap it horizontally behind the X.Keeping a finger above the knot, once again cross the wider end horizontally in front of the knot and above your finger. The finger ensures that a space is left between the band formed by the necktie and the knot.Tuck the wide end of the necktie belo w and behind the knot so that the tip emerges pointing upwards behind the knot.Turn the wide end so that it faces downwards and slip it through the horizontal loop you created with your finger in step 4. You should be careful not to slip the wide tip through the loop that was created in step 3.Pull the wide tip all the way down till the knot becomes tight. To tighten the tie, hold the knot in one hand and gently pull on the thinner end. With these simple steps, your Kelvin knot will be ready.THE NICKY KNOTThis necktie knot is named after a tie maker known as Nikita Kruschev.The Nicky knot originated in the fashion houses of Milan. This knot appears to be symmetrical, despite the fact that it has more steps on one side compared to the other.In terms of size, the Nicky knot is a bit thicker than the four in hand but smaller than the half Windsor. The Nicky not especially looks great on skinny ties.Since it does not use up a lot of tie length, this knot can be used by tall men or short er than regular neckties.Below are the steps on how to achieve the Nicky knot. Start by placing the necktie around your neck, with the seam facing outwards and the wider end of the tie a couple inches below your desired finishing position.Cross the wider end of the necktie below the narrow end to form an X just below your neck.Flip the wider end of the necktie upwards and diagonally over the front of the X. Pass it behind the knot such that it emerges on your left side facing downwards.Keeping a finger above the knot, cross the wider end horizontally in front of the knot and above your finger, from left to right. The finger ensures that a space is left between the band formed by the necktie and the knot.Tuck the wide end of the necktie below and behind the knot so that the tip emerges pointing upwards behind the knot.Turn the wide end so that it faces downwards and slip it through the horizontal loop you created with your finger in step 4.Pull the wide tip all the way down till the knot becomes tight. You can adjust the tie by holding the knot in one hand and gently pulling on the thinner end. Your Nicky knot should now be ready.THE ST. ANDREW KNOTThe St. Andrew knot is another great option for those who want to achieve a serious look but without looking too conservative.The St. Andrew looks somewhat similar to the half Windsor, though their steps are totally different.This knot is slightly asymmetrical and is a little larger than the half Windsor, but smaller than the full Windsor.Like the last three knots we have just looked at, the St. Andrew falls in the group of necktie knots that start with the necktie inside out.The St. Andrew knot is perfect for both business and casual occasions. It is best suited for men with broad shoulders and rounder faces.It’s somewhat large size helps keep things proportional.Below are the steps to follow to achieve the St. Andrew. Start by placing the necktie around your neck, with the seam facing outwards and the wider end o f the tie a couple inches below your desired finishing position.Cross the wider end of the necktie below the narrow end to form an X just below your neck.Once again, cross the wider end of the necktie horizontal in front of the X.Continue wrapping the wider end of the necktie around the X such that it now passes horizontally behind the X.Flip the wider end of the necktie upwards and diagonally over the front of the X. Pass it behind the knot such that it emerges on your left side facing downwards.Keeping a finger above the knot, cross the wider end horizontally in front of the knot and above your finger, from left to right. The finger ensures that a space is left between the band formed by the necktie and the knot.Tuck the wide end of the necktie below and behind the knot so that the tip emerges pointing upwards behind the knot.Turn the wide end so that it faces downwards and slip it through the horizontal loop you created with your finger in step 6.Pull the wide tip all the way dow n till the knot becomes tight. With that, your St. Andrew knot should now be ready.WRAPPING UPThe necktie is a fashion item every man needs in his wardrobe.This simple piece of clothing makes you appear professional and confident and helps you to communicate your sense of style and command respect.However, if you want to make the most of the neckties in your wardrobe, you should know different ways of tying the ties.You don’t really want to show up to a meeting with the CEO you are trying to impress wearing a four in hand necktie knot.Fortunately, we have shown you 7 different ways to tie the necktie, so you don’t have to stick with the one style you learnt back in school.With these, your colleagues can’t help but get wowed by your amazing necktie styles and your great sense of fashion.

Social Issues In Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 823 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/06/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Of Mice And Men Essay Did you like this example? In Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, all the characters have their own unique ways of showing who they are through their sayings and actions. Each character has a different social identity, which oppresses them in some kind of way, making them lonely. In the novel Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck uses the lonesomeness of each character to convey that people suffer from their own type of loneliness based on their social identity. One of the characters, Candy, was not lonely to start. However, once he lost the only thing keeping him from being lonely, happy was his dog,Well-hell! I had him so long. Had him since he was a pup(56). Candyrs loneliness was something he hadnt seen in a while, but once it came to him, he wanted to figure out a way out of it. Candy realized that the loneliness has come back around to him and he tells George that Jus as soon as I cant swamp out no bunkhouses theyll put me on the county (60). To try and escape his loneliness, Candy started to become invested in George and Lenniers big dream so he wouldnt end up having to face the future all by himself. Spose I went in with you guys. Thars three hundred an fifty bucks Id put in. I aint much good, but I could cook and tend the chickens and hoe the garden some. Howd that be? (59). He was very attached to the idea of the farm with George and Lennie, and kept pushing to have the farm even after what had happened with Lennie later in the sto ry. The farm would have helped wipe out his fear of being alone, and it would have created another relationship worth cherishing like his past relationship with his dog. His position in society, being old, had forced him to develop a mindset to break away from his inevitable loneliness. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Social Issues In Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck" essay for you Create order Even with all the attention she asked for and received, Curleyrs wife didnt actually have anyone in the end. Curleyrs wife expressed how lonely she really was when she was talking to Lennie, I tell you I aint used to livin like this. I coulda made somethin of myself(89). She didnt like who she had become and it was almost like she was running away from who she was. By doing that she found herself in a position where nobody truly cared for her and the only thing that got her places was her appearance. The only person that Curleyrs wife could truly talk to was Lennie, because he was not conscious of what she was saying and she knew he would forget. In her last moments with Lennie, she finally felt like she was being listened to. For the first time ever, she confessed that I don like Curley. He aint a nice fella (89). When she finally became susceptible and vulnerable to her humanity, she ironically died shortly after. Curleyrs wife is a perfect example of the oppression against the wom en and the sexism in this era that often resulted in isolation. One of the biggest issues in this time was racism, which Crooks was a victim of. He was physically disconnected from the other men, and because of that, and the racial inequality, he had very limited contact with others as well. Instead of friendships, he occupied himself with books. Still, he had admitted that Books aint no good, and A guy needs somebody to be near him. A guy goes nuts when if he aint got nobody (72). Unlike Candy and Curleyrs Wife, Crooks had to just accept his role in society because he knew that the color of his skin would never change, making him powerless in the field of oppressive forces of racism. He was fully aware that he was treated as if he was less important than the other men. This is just a nigger talkin, an a busted-back nigger. So it dont mean nothing, see? (71). He knew he didnt have a voice in society so he kept to himself. The harsh reality of this era deprived Crooks from being treated like a real human. His acceptance of the situation amplifi ed his loneliness, making him the loneliest character in the story. Candy, Curleyrs wife, and Crooks were three of the characters who represented the loneliness and isolation brought on by what their social identity was in this time. All these characters faced social issues like ageism, sexism, and racism which added on to their loneliness. Each character had recognized their loneliness in some type of way, and depending on what their situation or role in society was, they took specific actions to cope with it or fight it. Something Steinbeck made clear was that the loneliness caused by discrimination does significantly impact oners behavior, mindsets, and actions. So for the people who do deal with loneliness, deal with it in their own type of ways based on their social identity.

Institutional affiliation periodization - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 774 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Abstract In the paper below the writer gives an explanation of karvonen formula and calculates the clients target heart rate. The writer also designs a full 12- week per iodized training program for the client. A description of professional responsibilities as discussed in the stages of the drawing – in process is well elaborated. The writer discusses the fitness test, methods of evaluation and the mode of data collection used to assess and evaluate the client’s needs. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Institutional affiliation : periodization" essay for you Create order The karvonen formula can be simply defined as the numerical formula that helps one to ascertain the target heart rate (HR) training zone. The target heart rate is attained when the maximum heart rate is multiplied with percentage of intensity and then adds up the result to the resting heart rate. The final result enhances more accurate results. An average value of 70 beeps per minute is used for testing the resting heart rate. If it’s impossible to measure the maximum heart rate of a client, it’s important to use another traditional methodology of 220 minus the client’s current age. Intensity is defined as the percentage being lifted of the clients’ one repetition maximum (1RM) Periodization highly contributes to the general maintenance of the fitness of a client although many people often ignore the program. It is so important to have a long term plan. This is because the day to day works outs that many people usually undertake may lack the necessary capacity to desired results. The desired results are usually obtained when cumulative months and years of workout add up to dramatic results. Periodization can described as an activity that enhances the breakdown of a program into several time range gaps. It is meant to enhance a positive progress on the former period’s progress when practiced during each period building. Periodization is split up into three distinct parts that are macro cycle, meso cycle and micro cycle. Macro cycle forms the entire training program usually the entire training year. Meso cycle forms the period of between three to six weeks of training period occurring in the macro cycle. On the other hand the micro cycle is the actual training week occurring in the meso cycle stage. Periodization begins by laying a fitness foundation. This happens by performing the basic exercises and movements which strengthen tendons and ligaments. As a result the client is prepared mentally for the training stress ahead (Yilmaz, 2017, p. 124). In this period the client is required to use more number of reps (9 – 18). It’s also important to perform anatomical adaption (2-4) of sets. The higher the beginning fitness level the shorter the anatomical adaption phase. This stage work in a more precise way for any beginning client. After laying out the foundation it become important to increase the training stress. This is achieved when the client is facilitated with training split. This enhances splitting of muscle groups and then training them on different training days. For any client to obtain effective results it’s important to train each muscle for a period of not less than 3 days. This is the most realistic clients program. In the intensity level it becomes important to increase the volume and intensity in order to enhance longer recovery periods for each single body part. For larger muscles the program generally has 4-8 sets in each work out and for the smaller muscle groups the program has 1-3 sets. The last stage of the intensity is usually the highest. It incorporates the highest strength levels. It is in this period when both larger and smaller muscles work out with more sets than the previous stage. Longer periods of 2-5 minutes are also used to ensure regeneration of enough ATP to enhance effective continuation of workout. It’s important to note that client with no good reason of engaging in high intensity levels should avoid this stage to avoid instances of high blood pressure that may come up as a result of high intensity program. There are different types of exercises referred to as endurance, strength, balance and flexibility. Endurance helps in breathing and increase heart rate. Include jogging and dancing. In conclusion it’s important to note that the goal of any training program is to increase strengthen thus making it crucial component of fitness for any client. For any effective result to be achieved, a periodized program work first on hypertrophy and later more strength (Zourdos, 2016, p. 787). It’s also important to establish the client goal. If the client is a beginner, it’s important to establish specific and realistic goals reason as to why engage in the activity because they mostly have vague goals.

Studying Abroad Essay Samples Exposed

Studying Abroad Essay Samples Exposed Understanding Studying Abroad Essay Samples You may also aid a fellow student out. The student must study for a single year in america and then a single year studying abroad. Today every student would like to allow it to be feasible to finish her or his study from the reputed universities of earth. A worldwide student may need to deal with racism. Your introductory paragraph needs to be specific and directly about the internship. Studying abroad help students find out more about their very own personality. Firstly, studying abroad, they will have a better education. There were not any students to disagree. New Questions About Studying Abroad Essay Samples Although studying abroad may look like the ideal thing to do, plenty of people don't. There are many reasons why people opted to study abroad. Most students who study abroad have a good deal of experiences with other people. Many students who decide to study abroad are leaving their house for the very first time. The Characteristics of Studying Abroad Essay Samples You don't need to go distracted from the general point of the essay. For instance, here is among the perfect place to get essays on the internet you can go to. Your essay may be the deciding factor, particularly when you're a borderline case. If you're unable to compose your essay for college because of the dearth of time then ask expert essay helpers to provide essay writing help. Meeting different cultures allows students to take a look at their very own culture differently. My commitment to my education is strong and I understand that, if admitted, I'll be in a position to make a good grade point average, and graduate with the abilities and experience I need to build my career for a nurse. Eventually you will discover work and career, and the chance to study abroad may prove to be a once in a life time opportunity. The other portion of the students consider studying abroad as a superb knowledge in their lives. What You Should Do to Find Out About Studying Abroad Essay Samples Before You're Left Behind Studying abroad is among the facets which make students learn how to control their financial life, they might have to control themselves to be in a position to get enough food, pay bills and rents. To conclude, study abroad has many advantages. Second, it provides the oppo rtunity to travel. The analysis abroad application will appear almost like a normal college application. Introducing Studying Abroad Essay Samples The very first part included secondary data collection from various sources associated with the topic of research. Another problem is the possible dialect difference. Make certain that you purchase a study guide from a trusted publisher only. Education has come to be the main portion of everyone's one. Along with the appreciable language practice you'll get just in day to day life, your host university will probably provide language courses to supply you with a more formal education. In the majority of the foreign nations, students receive an opportunity to work part time as the syllabus isn't very heavy. Though a student has the capability to speak English he or she's unable to catch the accent of the foreign individuals. The Dirty Truth About Studying Abroad Essay Samples To add to it, whichever country it may be, students gets a chance to comprehend and learn a new sort of currency, pay their own accounts, and overall travel expenses etc.. If it is possible to relate, you will realize that a local education will be quite valuable when looking for a possible job in that nation. To the contrary, in usa, for instance, students may live and study in a distinguished educational atmosphere. The same as Gandhi, a numb er of other students have their own reasons for studying abroad for example, the urge by several them, to have a high standard of education, better facilities on campus, and boost their resume in order to secure far better employment prospect.

Macbeth And Hamlet Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

Macbeth And Hamlet Essay, Research Paper The Tragedies of Macbeth and Hamlet Macbeth is a Shakespearian narrative about a baffled Scottish baronial that does non cognize how to use his aspiration. He succumbs to enticement, which is partially supplied by his married woman, and he kills to acquire the place of male monarch. Hamlet, on the other manus, is another Shakespearian chef-doeuvre that trades with a lacerate prince of Denmark that has to cover with the ill-timed decease of his male parent. Hamlet and Macbeth are similar in many ways, and uncover many sides of the human bosom through their dynamically dramatic secret plans. Both of these plants deal with great interior struggle in the chief character. Macbeth can non make up ones mind whether or non to kill Duncan, who is the male monarch of Scotland. He sees an fanciful sticker drifting in forepart of him that is a figment of his imaginativeness, which portrays how much he is keening over the act of race murder. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth And Hamlet Essay Research Paper The or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He eventually commits the slaying, and gets the place that he longs for. The chief struggle that Hamlet has to cover with, portrayed by his doomed # 8220 ; To be or non to be # 8221 ; address, is how to cover with the leery decease of his male parent # 8211 ; by enduring the ailments of this universe or taking resolute action against them. Both narratives carry with a great sum of fraudulence. With Macbeth, the enchantresss explain that no one Born of a adult female will of all time kill him. Macduff, his killer, was born by a Cesarean subdivision. Of all the things that the enchantresss tell him, all are true, but are spoken in confounding conundrums that are misdirecting. The enchantresss trick him into believing that he and his posterities will govern the land everlastingly. Hamlet’s male parent is killed by his uncle, which is revealed at the terminal. Hamlet is tricked into traveling to England where his uncle orders him to be executed, but Hamlet is cagey plenty to acquire out of that quandary. Each of these narratives trades with many tragic deceases. Macbeth is killed in the terminal for the foolishness of holding misdirected aspiration. Lady Macbeth is besides killed, and Macduff # 8217 ; s household is senselessly wiped out merely for Macbeth # 8217 ; s conquering. King Duncan is murdered so that Macbeth can get his place as male monarch. In Hamlet, the prince is slain by a poisoned blade blade. His male parent is the victim of a power hungry uncle. A toxicant drink meant for Hamlet senselessly kills Hamlet # 8217 ; s female parent. Ophelia, Macbeth # 8217 ; s girlfriend, goes insane and commits suicide because of the events that take topographic point through the harrowing secret plan of this work. As it is apparent to see, these are highly dynamic literatures. The two have a few differences, but largely have points that are common. The interior struggle, fraudulence, and tragic deceases that compose the narratives spur the narratives on and add immeasurably to the secret plan. These three nucleus elements drive each narrative to its moral and neer allow up. Without one of these included in each, the narrative line would endure greatly and non hold the impact that each does.

Being a Volunteer in an Orphanage Essay Example

Being a Volunteer in an Orphanage Paper Being a Volunteer in an Orphanage Name: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Being a Volunteer in an Orphanage specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Being a Volunteer in an Orphanage specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Being a Volunteer in an Orphanage specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Being a Volunteer in an Orphanage Volunteering refers to working without pay. It is based on the need to acquire skills in a certain field or profession, learning of new things and interacting with other people, especially of a different culture. It is a form of community service when done to benefit one or more people in a particular community. Voluntary work is mostly done for non-commercial organizations and time invested varies with the individuals and the organization being assisted. Some people therefore engage in full volunteering activities while others only do it partially in the curse of other work they undertake. One can volunteer alone or as part of a group of people for instance a class, family or any other independent group. There are many advantages of volunteering. For instance, it offers an opportunity for helping those in need. This is among the main reasons why people volunteer. In so doing, they are being of service to others, a factor that provides a sense of well being and usefulness. Such people help in making a difference in the lives of those they are serving, for example, those volunteering at disaster centers, hospitals and orphanages. Their feeling of having helped another person gives them a sense of purpose and makes them feel appreciated. Volunteers meet new people in their course of work. These people come with a variety of culture, skills, knowledge of new things and even a chance for new friendships. Their interpersonal skills are tested and improved if already good. It is also through this that job networks are acquired. For those volunteers who are already working, networking is beneficial in advancing their careers. This is because it provides an opportunity to meet potential employers and employees. With all the above-mentioned benefits, it is crucial to identify the right volunteer opportunity. There are many places where one can volunteer, but the challenge is in finding what suits them best. A number of aspects have to be considered such as where to volunteer, duration of the program, whether one wants to volunteer alone or in a group, the weight of responsibility one is willing to carry and what is to be gained from the exercise. With these concerns dealt with, one can then proceed to select what they want to do from a list of options, most of which are available publicly. Being a volunteer is one of the best experiences I have ever had to date. Volunteering provides one with a wealth of knowledge on so many issues among other advantages like the ones above. In 2010, I had the opportunity to volunteer at an orphanage in China. This was through an application in response to an advertisement I had seen online. We had just closed school and the thought of idling at home did not appeal to me. I enrolled for an exchange program offered at our local church that incidentally was with a youth group from China. In a previous class session, I recalled one of our teachers emphasizing on the importance of community service. Himself being a volunteer at the local community centre, he told us of the numerous benefits of being a volunteer, which inspired me to volunteer. According to him, community service is not just a punishment given to social offenders or delinquent teenagers in need of correction; instead, it was one way in which a person could pay his or her dues to society. Currently, most employers are looking for individuals with personal drive, a quality brought out through volunteering most of which is unsupervised. Such persons are accorded priority in the job market because of their willingness to learn and their ability to adapt to new environments. Volunteers are not always placed in areas familiar to them; rather they are dispatched to far off places in need of attention. Adaptability is one of the most sought after qualities in the employment field. With all this in mind, I had acquired the motivation crucial to such ventures when the reply to my application finally arrived. The volunteering program would take two months. After taking care of the necessary arrangements, I traveled to China. It was arranged that one of the workers at the orphanage would pick me at the airport. All the way, I was eager to explore the features of the new country and embrace my responsibilities at the orphanage. I already had my work schedule, which stipulated that I would visit the orphanage during the weekend for four hours each. The rest of the week would be spent sightseeing and engaging in activities for the exchange program. The orphanages in China are run by the government, but most are highly populated yet understaffed. This overpopulation is largely due to China’s infamous one child policy whereby couples are only allowed to have one child each. Another concern is that many Chinese citizens are of the notion that male children are better than female ones, a factor that has contributed to abandonment of little girls. In addition, children with disabilities and those born with chronic illnesses were often abandoned by their families. Well-wishers that found them took them to orphanages. Therefore, they are always welcoming new volunteers every year to help relieve them of their workload. It was therefore no surprise that we were many volunteers all stationed at the same facility. I was not the only foreigner working as a volunteer in a Chinese orphanage. Many people from all over the globe were inspired by the plight of the conditions at the Chinese orphanages and felt the need to help. This is despite the fact that the Chinese are often skeptical of foreign volunteers, whom they fear are only out to publicize the poor state of affairs at their orphanages. With so many activities to be undertaken, the number of volunteers at a time was also high. Much passion was required for anyone to be involved in such an activity. Although my initial reason for participating was simply to be part of a community service project and meet new people in a different cultural setting from mine, it was soon to change by the end of my experience. My first experience at the orphanage was beyond what I had prepared for. A woman in charge of the facility took us for a tour of the orphanage and gave us details of the duties required of us. There were around three hundred children at the time, with their ages ranging from newborns to fourteen year olds who had lived at the facility for most of their lives. I realized that I had not researched enough material regarding the ages of the children I expected to find at the orphanage. It was sad to see the number of small children at the facility, and I instantly wondered what it was like to grow up in an orphanage. Seeing that we were new to the facility they stared back at us curiously from their activities as we passed. Due to the facts available about China, it was highly probable that some of the children there were not orphans but children abandoned by their families because of various reasons. This crossed my mind especially after seeing the number of children that were sick or those with disabilities. There was a need to put in place ways of establishing a child’s family background before enrolling them at any orphanage. Being run by the state, the orphanage had a limited supply of resources required for its maintenance. This was evident in the way the sick children were handled; their treatment was hampered due to lack of medical resources. There was heavy reliance on donor materials without which many activities at the orphanage would stall. Although the locals also made donations, many of them came from abroad. Many global non-profit organizations sent money, material provisions and also recruited volunteers to work at the Chinese orphanages. The online advertisement was one of the wa ys in which these organizations sourced for volunteers. The next day was the beginning of doing my duties at the orphanage. As a volunteer, there was almost nothing we could not do excluding tasks that required a certain level of expertise like those by doctors. I had a different experience in all the activities I was involved in throughout my volunteering period. On some days, we would assist in taking care of the sick children. A doctor would come and examine them, and I would help him or her with the children. This was through administering medicine, holding the infants during the examination, providing therapeutic exercises and feeding them. It was particularly a challenge when dealing with newborns during therapy. One could easily see the pain they felt in the screams they let out. While I was satisfied that most of the time they were being taken care of, I felt that children with disabilities should be taken to specialized hospitals. The government should ensure that they are well taken care of by providing resources to transfer them to these hospitals. This is because at the orphanage, they rarely got the attention that sick persons fully require, a fact made worse by their frailty as children. During my entire stay, I could count the number of times that a doctor actually visited the facility. So infrequent were their visits that I got to know each of them on a personal level. Alternatively, the orphanage could source for volunteer doctors locally or appeal to international organizations. This would help ease the poor health condition of most of the children. Another way is to encourage more adoptions so that the children are taken care of by their new families who instantly assume responsibility towards them. The best part about dealing with the infants was the feeling that I had taken part in nurturing them. Most children in orphanages do not experience the care and security that often comes with being in a family set up. While washing and feeding them, I had the chance to show them a bit of love, which I felt, was important in their growth. It was obvious that material tokens though necessary were not enough for their wellbeing. I learnt that some of the orphans had the privilege to be adopted thus they could experience the family environment. These adoptions were mainly done by foreigners, something not favored by the Chinese government despite their citizens’ inability to take in more children. There were teachers who came to assist the children frequently. At times, I would help in teaching them English, a language with which they were fascinated. I loved their zeal to learn and wished they had the opportunity to advance their education outside the orphanage. The older children taught me a few Chinese words, and they would laugh and tease me when I pronounced some words wrongly. To them, I was speaking like a â€Å"crazy person†. The notion that they could also be of help to someone thrilled them, making the teaching sessions very enjoyable. We interacted with the children through other fun ways such as playing games. As soon as they were done with their daily routine, we indulged in all sorts of games with the older children, always watching out for their safety. These were the only times when there was minimal or no supervision by the workers at the facility. There was always someone watching us mostly for security reasons. At first, I was wary of this but soon learnt to be at ease around them when I realized it was just a routine. As a high school student, not much time was spared for playful moments; hence, I relished the times spent with the children. Their joyous nature always made me forget their sad situation. The scene was like that of any other school playground. My lowest moment came towards the end of my stay in China. It was triggered by a call from my mother who wanted to find out how I was faring. One of the orphans I was tutoring overheard my conversation and later asked me if indeed I had a mother. To her, being at the orphanage meant I had no parents and the news came as a surprise to her. I was taken aback by her reaction, one that also served as the turning point in my inspiration as a volunteer. Previously I was solely motivated by the desire to be part of a community project but that quickly changed. I saw the pain in her reaction and the feeling of loneliness that plagued most of the children at the orphanage. I wondered if they knew that a different world existed out there other than the one to which they were accustomed. The bond they shared with the volunteers and other workers at the facility was thus brought about by the idea that we shared a common fate. Travelling back home I reflected on my work at the orphanage and the lessons I had learnt. Besides the different cultural experience through the exchange program, volunteering at the orphanage was the best I had ever had. Interacting with the children opened my eyes to a whole new perspective of life. The activities and duties I performed at the orphanage had helped better the lives of the orphans, and I was looking forward to another opportunity to do the same. I then understood the emphasis placed on passion when selecting where to volunteer. All the work required of a volunteer in an orphanage certainly needs motivation, something all the workers at the facility displayed. The matron in charge of the orphanage was very dedicated to her work, and it was evident that she was in it for personal reasons other than the fact that she was employed by the state. Such dedication is essential because of the challenges one faces in taking care of children in an orphanage. The matron and all the workers were sad to let us go. I was hoping for a chance to offer recommendations, but it never came, though each of us was given time to highlight our experiences. Among the lessons I had learnt was appreciation for family and all the aspects associated with it. The orphans lacked support from their kin and only depended on that offered by the government and strangers in the form of volunteers. Therefore, their lives are mostly unstable and without the care and development that only a family can provide. The instability was partly caused by the lack of a permanent environment given that they meet new people after every few months from various backgrounds, all of whom taught them different things. After living in the facility for some time, a number of children would then be adopted again changing their environment. The ideal time for nurturing a child and molding them to conform to certain values and social behaviors is when they are still young. Therefore cha nging the environment in which they live constantly disrupts the learning process in their lives. One of our roles as volunteers had been to help create an environment similar to that of a home so that they can develop fully functional lives in the future. I was glad to have been a part of their lives, though temporarily. I had enjoyed all the benefits of volunteering and planned to register as a permanent volunteer. Other places exist where I could offer my service, and I looked forward to the new experiences. As a parting note, each of us was accorded certificates of participation by the non-profit organization that sponsored us, one that I would use later when applying for a different volunteering program. Through my initial participation, I would automatically be granted my next volunteering opportunity if I wished to work with the same organization.

Free Essays on HP Amazon

Amazon.com is an online retail company that sells books, toys, CDs, DVDs electro-domestic equipment and many other products. Its services are primarily directed towards the consumer – the individual who goes online and uses the Amazon.com site in order to find a product. Since 1999 HP has been a main component in Amazon.com’s IT infrastructure, the tremendous success of which is partially due to its very high availability record. So when the company decided to expand its data warehouse to meet current and future growth, they naturally came to their trusted partner, HP. But there is much more to this story. At Amazon.com the data warehouse is the center point of all its data – including order, client and stock data – that supports the user’s analysis. Consequently, the data warehouse is connected to almost all of the company’s systems. Two large HP Superdome servers are at the heart of Amazon.com’s data warehouse. Each Superdome executes a large Oracle database. One of these is used by the assembly area and is connected to 17 Virtual Array 7100s. This server prepares the data so that it can be used in reports. The second Superdome is the data warehouse itself and is connected to 39 Virtual Array 7100s. Amazon.com currently has 100 processors in the Superdome to attend to its present necessities, though with I/O for additional growth. When selecting the storage for its data warehouse, Amazon.com had three important criteria: a competitive price per terabyte, capacity to move large I/O fluxes and a high level of availability. The front-end of the data warehouse at Amazon.com is a collection of Linux HP LT6000 servers with an Intel base. The Linux system supports our extraction, transformation and carriage processing as well as supporting the User’s Interface. As the performance of its data warehouse is the base of its service-level contract with its final users, Amazon.com measures and monitors its perfo... Free Essays on HP Amazon Free Essays on HP Amazon Amazon.com is an online retail company that sells books, toys, CDs, DVDs electro-domestic equipment and many other products. Its services are primarily directed towards the consumer – the individual who goes online and uses the Amazon.com site in order to find a product. Since 1999 HP has been a main component in Amazon.com’s IT infrastructure, the tremendous success of which is partially due to its very high availability record. So when the company decided to expand its data warehouse to meet current and future growth, they naturally came to their trusted partner, HP. But there is much more to this story. At Amazon.com the data warehouse is the center point of all its data – including order, client and stock data – that supports the user’s analysis. Consequently, the data warehouse is connected to almost all of the company’s systems. Two large HP Superdome servers are at the heart of Amazon.com’s data warehouse. Each Superdome executes a large Oracle database. One of these is used by the assembly area and is connected to 17 Virtual Array 7100s. This server prepares the data so that it can be used in reports. The second Superdome is the data warehouse itself and is connected to 39 Virtual Array 7100s. Amazon.com currently has 100 processors in the Superdome to attend to its present necessities, though with I/O for additional growth. When selecting the storage for its data warehouse, Amazon.com had three important criteria: a competitive price per terabyte, capacity to move large I/O fluxes and a high level of availability. The front-end of the data warehouse at Amazon.com is a collection of Linux HP LT6000 servers with an Intel base. The Linux system supports our extraction, transformation and carriage processing as well as supporting the User’s Interface. As the performance of its data warehouse is the base of its service-level contract with its final users, Amazon.com measures and monitors its perfo...

Registration law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Registration law - Essay Example The Lords held that this was a "functional design" (Amp, 1972) which did not "appeal to" nor was it "judged by the eye". The Lords proposed a number of general propositions that have become a part of established precedent: This definition of eye appeal was relaxed in the Gardex Ltd. v. Sorata Ltd. [1986] RPC 623 in which the court held that the design on the underside of a shower tray was not registrable. This, and similar cases, led to the 1988 amendment of the Act that stated that a design could not be registered if the "appearance of the article is not material" (Act, 1988, 1(3)). Thus aesthetic considerations are not normally taken into account to a material extent by persons acquiring or using a product or if the design were applied to the product: that design cannot be registered. The amendment had the important effect of removing from registration protection many everyday household items that would otherwise have been covered on the basis that their design is not solely dictated by function. Essentially, the onus was thus moved to the designer to prove the aesthetic importance of the design over functionality. Thus the Directive was designed not to harmonize all design law perfectly but rather to prevent discrepancies between national provisions that would stifle trade between member states. One of the reasons for the inclusion of the Directive within the 1949 Act is that the latter was seen as inflexible and uncommercial, especially considering the need for eye appeal, which was always rather amorphous and contentious issue. The new requirement is that the design falls within the definition of "design", that the design is new and that design exhibits

DIVERSITY AND CITIZENSHIP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DIVERSITY AND CITIZENSHIP - Essay Example Furthermore, in Isla Vista, peer attitudes determine the level of security and safety, which students obtain in the college campus (Counseling and Student Support Office, â€Å"Bullying at School†). According to my perspective, where aggressive attitudes can generate unsafe environment in school campus, a caring attitude can ensure safety and security for every type of students irrespective of cultural barriers. Besides, I would also prefer to mention that peers can make any bullying intervention program successful. By demonstrating a positive behavior, they can eliminate any violent problem in school campus and therefore support in developing better relationship with every students (Furlong, Felix, Sharkey and Larson 11-15). Hence, from my personal viewpoint, my peers have imposed a strong influence on my sense of safe and security in Isla Vista as well as in the university. A global citizen is one who recognizes himself/herself with being a part of the evolving world. The actions of a global citizen attempt to support to the establishment of global values and practices. Global citizen possess adequate awareness regarding the world and its inhabitants. In order to become a global citizen, one must identify the regional differences and accept various cultures. It is in this context that global citizens understand the interconnectivity of every individual and every place. Furthermore, developing trust and collaborative attitude with different people as representative of various cultures around the world is also regarded as an inherent constituent to help developing a global citizen (Global Kids Connect, â€Å"What is Global Citizenship?†). In preparing myself to become a global citizen, I can take advantage of several activities organized in the university over next several years, such as developing positive relationship with various students representing different cultural groups, resisting against any kind of racism or intolerable behavior, valuing the

The Importance Of Water Recycling Environmental Sciences Essay

The Importance Of Water Recycling Environmental Sciences Essay The aim is to review the importance of water recycling and the unending effects of hard water all round us. Objective is to achieve a clear understanding of the present and future benefits of water recycling and why it is still practised today. A number of up-to-date water recycling tehnologies are studied to an extent. The perpetual need for the various solutions in softening hard water is looked into retrospectively carefully highlighting typical problems likely to occur. Water is a common substance that is essential to all forms of life. A massive 75 percent of planet earth is covered in water and is mostly found in oceans and large water bodies. Of this total volume of water, 97 percent is saltwater and 3 percent is freshwater. 69 percent of this freshwater is glacial and 31 percent is groundwater. For billions of years, earth has been reusing water over and over again in a natural process called the hydrologic cycle (BENEFITS OF RECYCLING., 2010). This cycle is the path water takes as it circulates from the land to the sky and back again. 1.1 Water Recycling Water recycling is a natural process which relies on technology to speed up such projects. It is sometimes described as unplanned and planned (GREYWATER RECYCLING SYSTEMS., 2010). By unplanned, this means for example, when cities draw their water supplies from rivers that receive waste water upstream from these cities. Water from these rivers has been reused, treated and piped into the water supply a number of times before the last downstream use withdraws the water (GREYWATER RECYCLING SYSTEMS., 2010). However, that of planned water recycling projects is developed with the aim of reusing a recycled water supply. Recycled water is waste water that has been treated and processed for useful nonpotable purposes such as agricultural, landscape, public parks, and golf course irrigation (GREYWATER RECYCLING SYSTEMS., 2010). Other nonpotable applications include cooling water for power plants and oil refineries, industrial process water for facilities such as paper mills and carpet dyers, toilet flushing, dust control, construction activities, concrete mixing, and artificial lakes (GREYWATER RECYCLING SYSTEMS., 2010). In an industrial facility, water is recycled and reused onsite used in cooling processes for example (GREYWATER RECYCLING SYSTEMS., 2010). Although most water recycling projects have been developed to meet the demands of nonpotable water, a number of them use recycled water indirectly for potable purposes (GREYWATER RECYCLING SYSTEMS., 2010). These projects include recharging ground water aquifers and augmenting surface water reservoirs with recycled water (OASIS DESIGN., 2009). Recycled water can be spread or even injected into ground water aquifers to augment ground water supplies, and to prevent salt water intrusion in coastal areas. Environmentally, water recycling provides tremendous benefits. Water recycling can help us find ways to reduce the diversion of water from sensitive ecosystems by providing a supplementary source of water. The lack of sufficient water flow, as a result of diversion for agricultural, urban, and industrial purposes, can cause impairment of water quality and ecosystem health for plants, wildlife, and fish which depend on adequate water flow to their habitat for sustenance and reproduction ( OASIS DESIGN., 2009). For streams that have been dried from water diversion, recycled water may be used to build these habitats (GREYWATER RECYCLING SYSTEMS., 2010). Water flow can be augmented with recycled water to develop and sustain the aquatic and wildlife habitats (GREYWATER RECYCLING SYSTEMS., 2010). 1.2 GreyWater Greywater is water that has been used domestically (from baths, showers, clothes washers, and wash-hand basins) except for water from toilets (GREYWATER RECYCLING SYSTEMS., 2010). Greywater takes up 50 80% of household wastewater (OASIS DESIGN., 2009). Wastewater produced by toilets is called black water (OASIS DESIGN., 2009). However wastewater from kitchen sinks and dish-washers is also considered to be black water as well due to the presence of organic contents (OASIS DESIGN., 2009). The clearest purpose of recycling domestic grey water is that it replaces potable water use (OASIS DESIGN., 2009). 2 BUILD-UP OF TOXIC ORGANIC POLLUTANTS FROM RECYCLING In water treatment, a wide range of chemicals are added in excess due to poor operation or accidents (GRAY N. F., 2005). However, most of these chemicals are discharged with the finished water product due to the nature of the processes themselves. These include iron, aluminium, and organic compounds used as coagulates, such as polycrylamide (GRAY N. F., 2005). These chemicals result in odour and discolouration in the water as well as poor taste. Furthermore, the new Drinking Water Directive sets limit values for all these compounds. Chemicals such as chlorine and fluorine are added intentionally to protect the public from pathogens and teeth decay respectively (GRAY N. F., 2005). 3 THE NEGATIVE PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF DRINKING SEWAGE WATER The increasing concern of the public is reflected by a large rise in the sales of bottled water and home treatment systems (GRAY N.F., 2008). The view of reusing sewage water for the purpose of drinking water ignorantly puts people off now and again. However, the knowledge of water recycling plays a big role here so educating the consumer about water quality and the regulatory functions of water undertakers is mandatory (GRAY N.F., 2008). All water is reused and with the system of treatment in place, sewage water can be drinkable. The use of chlorine in water treatment is a major source of complaint with consumers (GRAY N.F., 2008). The prevailing reasons for boiling water, buying bottled water or the use of home treatment systems are over an improvement in taste and health concerns. There is a strong belief that bottled water is safer and purer to drink which unfortunately is not always true. The media also plays a role in the influence of attitudes towards water and the assessment risk (GRAY N.F., 2008). 4 REGULATIONS In protecting public health, conditions and regulations have been made to allow for the safe use of reclaimed water. Reclaimed water often provides a vital water supply and fertilizer source (METCALF EDDY., 2003). For most developing countries, the greatest concern with the use of wastewater for irrigation is that untreated or treated wastewater can possess quite a number of intestinal nematodes (e.g., Ascaris and Trichuris species and hookworms) and bacterial pathogens which are often difficult to control (METCALF EDDY., 2003). The health of the general public consuming farm produce that have been contaminated by the wastewater infected by these viral and bacterial agents can deteriorate over time. The world health organisation suggest that irrigation of farm produce prone to be eaten uncooked, sports fields, and public parks should be irrigated with wastewater dealt with stabilization ponds (METCALF EDDY., 2003). From country to country, regulations in reusing water and wastewat er vary. In England and Wales, Drinking Water Inspectorate control the standard of drinking water provided (GRAY N. F., 2005). However, the quality of the water is the privatised water companies responsibility (GRAY N. F., 2005).These responsibilities are regulated by the Office of Water Services and it also controls the price of water before hitting the market. The Environment Agency for England and Wales is responsible for controlling water pollution, regulating waste and manage integrated pollution control (IPC) licensing (GRAY N. F., 2005). It also has the duty to issue licenses for water control functions, promote the conservation and enhancements of freshwater to promote the recreational use of freshwater, to improve and develop fisheries and regulate them, to issue flood warnings and the provision of defences to reduce the risk of sea and river flooding, the issuing of land drainage consents and many other tasks (GRAY N. F., 2005). The Agency points out water protection zones , protects groundwater and sets the objectives for water quality (GRAY N. F., 2005). 5 PRECAUTIONS Dont store grey water Grey water should be used within 24 hours before the build up of bacteria develops. After this period, it is on its way to becoming septic, that is, black water (LETS GO GREEN., 2009). Avoid contamination and contact Identify grey water plumbing by labelling it. The use of gloves is vital when in contact with grey water filters or anything that has come in contact with it (LETS GO GREEN., 2009). Use only grey water that is fairly clean to start with. If otherwise, it should be diverted to a sewer or septic system (LETS GO GREEN., 2009). Microorganisms on consumable goods Untreated grey water possesses some microorganisms which affect lawns, or fruits and vegetables that are eaten raw (e.g., strawberries, lettuce, carrots) to an extent (LETS GO GREEN., 2009). Contamination of surface water Grey water should be disposed of properly either underground or in a mulch (a mulch is a covering made up of rotten vegetable matter which prevents evaporation and soil erosion). The addition of grey water to an already soaked soil should be avoided (LETS GO GREEN., 2009). 6 DESALINATION Desalination involves removing dissolved minerals from aquatic bodies to create drinking water (CITY OF RYDE, 2009). 15-50% of water is recovered with the other portion being brine (CITY OF RYDE, 2009). A few technologies have been produced for the execution of this process, including the best known and common membrane process is the reverse osmosis (CITY OF RYDE, 2009). http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/98-9/offshore/ro.gif Figure 2: Diagram showing osmotic and reverse osmotic flow (Source: Courtesy of FWPBDP., 2010) Countries which do not have the advantage of continual fresh water supplies, competition for fresh water continually soars (TENE A. 2010). Israel is regarded pioneer in the area of desalination (TENE A. 2010). Following the water crisis in Israel, the state of water economy improved to an extent that even during harsh drought years, the water economy will continue to flourish since the water in the sea would not be running out anytime soon (TENE A. 2010). This sea water is pumped to as much volume is required and the final desalinated water is supplied as necessary. Another type of separation technique is the evaporation process (PEREIRA H.C. 1973). Developing economies such as California have warm climates of high evaporation rates (PEREIRA H.C. 1973). Its primary water resource is the sea where the evaporation process is practised. It is an effective alternative to water recycling in water poor regions (PEREIRA H.C. 1973). 7 FUTURE OF WATER RECYCLING Recycling is generally vital to our planets future. The rate at which the earths highly valued resources are been consumed is taking a rapid turn and many of these resources are not renewable (U.S. EPA., 2009). Recycling as a process takes considerably less energy to reuse an existing product than to source and make one from scratch (U.S. EPA., 2009). Water recycling has certainly established beyond doubt to be effective and resourceful in developing a new and reliable water supply. Nonpotable reuse is a widely accepted practise that will continue to expand (YOSHIKAWA N., 2006). Advances in wastewater treatment technology and health studies of indirect potable reuse will become common soon (YOSHIKAWA N., 2006). As water and environmental needs becomes urgent, water recycling would play a greater role in our long-term water supply (U.S. EPA., 2009). 8 WATER RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY The type of wastewater is essential for determining the kind of treatment plant and technologies to employ. Wastewater primarily arises from water usage by residential, commercial and industrial institutions including groundwater, surface water and storm water as shown in Figure 3. Figure 3: Sources of Wastewater (Source: Courtesy of ESCWA., 2003). Typical examples of water recycling systems in the domestic or industrial field are flotation and sedimentation, of which both are relevant to the chemical industry. 8.1 Flotation Flotation is a unit process used to remove solid or liquid from any form of liquid by releasing fine gas, usually air bubbles into it (ESCWA., 2003). The gas bubbles would stick to the liquid or would get trapped in the particle structure of the suspended solids, raising the floaty force of the particle and gas bubbles put together (ESCWA., 2003). Particles having a higher density than the liquid would be able rise. Flotation is used to remove suspended matter and to concentrate biological sludge in wastewater treatment (ESCWA., 2003). Flotation has an advantage over the sedimentation process in that; very minute and light particles are easily removed in a quicker time frame (ESCWA., 2003). Table 1: Data of Flotation Methods Process Brief Descriptions Dissolved Air Flotation Wastewater is subjected to the pressure of several atmospheres while air is introduced into it. The pressure then returns to atmospheric level, allowing the air to be released as small bubbles after a short time. These bubbles which stick to the suspended matter where it is removed by a skimming device. Air Flotation By the application of a revolving impellers or through diffusers, gas is passed into the liquid directly at atmospheric pressure Vacuum Flotation Wastewater is saturated with air. With the application of a partial vacuum, the dissolved air results in escaping as minute bubbles where they form a scam blanket. This blanket is removed by a skimming device. Source: Courtesy of ESCWA., 2003. Figure 4: A typical Flotation unit (ESCWA., 2003). 8.2 Sedimentation Sedimentation is a widely used unit operation in water and wastewater treatment (ESCWA., 2003). It involves the gravitational settling of suspended solids in a mixture usually water (ESCWA., 2003). These suspended solids are removed from suspensions by allowing it gravitate to the floor of a tank to form a sludge under near still conditions (ESCWA., 2003). This tank is referred to as a clarifier (ESCWA., 2003). It comprises of three main designs. They are; Horizontal flow clarifiers They can either be rectangular, square or circular in shape. The flow in rectangular clarifiers is rectilinear and parallel to the long axis of the basin. Furthermore, the water flows radially from the centre towards the outer edges in circular clarifiers. The clarifiers are usually made up of steel or reinforced concrete (ESCWA., 2003). Solid contact clarifiers They get solids into contact with a suspended layer of sludge near the bottom that acts as a blanket. The solids put in cumulate and remain trapped within the sludge blanket. As the solids remain below, the liquid is able to rise upwards (ESCWA., 2003). Inclined surface basins The flow here is laminar and there is little or no wind effect. Inclined trays are used to divide the depth into shallower sections, reducing the settling times in the process (ESCWA., 2003). Figure 5: Parts of a circular clarifier (Source: Courtesy of ESCWA., 2003). 9 HARD WATER Hard water is simply referred to as water that contains more minerals than ordinary water (FREE DRINKING WATER., 2009). Water that is said to be hard possesses minerals made up of calcium and magnesium compounds (FREE DRINKING WATER., 2009). This water usually comes from aquifers and other underground sources that collect dissolved minerals from rocks (FREE DRINKING WATER., 2009). Minerals of these sought reduces the ability of soap to lather and the ease of rinsing anything being washed made difficult. On the other hand, soft water is treated water that contains only sodium ion (FREE DRINKING WATER., 2009). Figure 6: Diagram showing hard and soft water processes (Source: Courtesy of LENNTECH., 2009). 9.1 PROBLEMS WITH HARD WATER Every cleaning task from laundering and dish washing to bathing and personal care is made unreasonably difficult taking up time and energy. The quantity of hardness minerals in water would determine the soap and detergent level required for cleaning. Additional detergent would have to be added to achieve the desired goal. Dishes and glasses washed using hard water may not be totally clean possessing certain spots when dry. The same goes with clothes which may feel harsh and scratchy when worn. Furthermore, skin was led with hard water may leave the skin feeling itchy and dry certainly not a remedy for skins with conditions such as eczema (HEIDEKAMP A. J., 2005). A number of detergents have ingredients that would mix with hard water minerals leaving a white deposit on clothing, making it look faded and worn out. Heated hard water affects water-using appliances (HEIDEKAMP A. J., 2005). It forms a scale of calcium and magnesium minerals which contributes to the inefficient and costly of these appliances (HEIDEKAMP A. J., 2005). Pipes become clogged with scale that impedes water flow and would in no time require pipe replacement. When hard water is heated, calcium ions react with bicarbonate ions to form an insoluble compound called calcium carbonate which is responsible for the scaling in pipes (HEIDEKAMP A. J., 2005). This is depicted in the equation below; 9.2 SOFTEN WATER TECHNIQUES 9.2.1 Lime-Soda Ash Technique It is the most common water softening method which involves the addition of slaked lime to hard water in water plants (FREE DRINKING WATER., 2009). Lime and soda ash are used because they are readily accessible and cost effective for softening water (FREE DRINKING WATER., 2009). Non-carbonate hardness is in turn reduced by the addition of soda ash to form insoluble precipitate which is also removed by filtration. Slaked lime is used to remove calcium bicarbonate from water (FREE DRINKING WATER., 2009). In this method, the slaked lime ions react with the calcium bicarbonate to form a slightly soluble calcium carbonate. This precipitate is usually removed by allowing it settle and then filtering (FREE DRINKING WATER., 2009). Additional lime is used in removing magnesium (FREE DRINKING WATER., 2009). This treatment becomes more costly as the hardness level has to be reduced to less than 5 grains. The use of the lime-soda ash treatment in homes was farfetched because of the equipment siz e and high cost involved in running one and even owning one (FREE DRINKING WATER., 2009). 9.2.2 Ion Exchange Columns Technique Ions could either be positively or negatively charged. A positive charge ion is called a cation while a negatively charged ion is an anion. The minerals, calcium and magnesium, that result in hardness are positively charged cations (NORDEN R. L., 2010). An ion exchange water softener has three main parts; A resin tank containing small beads of synthetic resin, A brine tank, The control valve (NORDEN R. L., 2010). When using ion exchange equipment, calcium and magnesium are exchanged for sodium from the brine tank (NORDEN R. L., 2010). As water passes through the resin tank, the sodium ions are exchanged with calcium and magnesium ions (NORDEN R. L., 2010). This is because the calcium and magnesium ions have a higher positive charge than the sodium ions. As the calcium and magnesium attach themselves to the resin beads is released simultaneously into the water. After the sodium in the resin, medium is exhausted, the medium can be regenerated by the sodium from the brine tank (NORDEN R. L., 2010). People with health problems such as heart or circulation problems, or are on low sodium diets may need to avoid using the ion exchange because of the high sodium content (NORDEN R. L., 2010). It is not even recommended for watering lawns or plants due to the sodium content present. However, potassium can be used in replacing sodium but it costs more. It is highly recommended that only hot water in a h ome be softened because the hot water line and heater benefits and the rate of soap consumptions are reduced (NORDEN R. L., 2010). Another importance in using the ion exchange equipment is that, it removes traces of iron as well to an extent because it is a positively charged ion (NORDEN R. L., 2010). 9.2.3 Chemical Conditioners/Suppressants Technique Chemical conditioning involves the addition of polyphosphates (SOUTHERN WATER., 2005). This reduces the availability of calcium in the formation of deposits. This would result in the water behaving as though softening although this would be false regarding the removal of calcium. A measure of this supposed softening is that such water would need less soap or detergent to lather. The polyphosphates can easily be set up by installing a relatively cheap dispenser in the pipework that could easily treat all the water going into the property (SOUTHERN WATER., 2005). When exhausted in the dispenser, the polyphosphates usually in solid glass-like balls are added at any appropriate time frame (SOUTHERN WATER., 2005). Alternatively, using polyphosphates helps to reduce traces of lead from any lead pipework but this should not be a guaranteed reason for using this technique (SOUTHERN WATER., 2005). HARD WATER CONTAINING CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM ENTERING SOFTNER SOFTEN WATER CONTAINING SODIUM CONCLUSION Water is reusable. A high percentage of our water is recycled and the same water has been around for a long time. In this effect, water technologies have been cleverly developed in keeping this natural tradition alive. Hard water is water that contains calcium and magnesium ions, and can be reversed by softening it thereby leaving it usable in homes and industries. It has a costly effect on most equipment in our homes and a health risk in humans. In softening hard water, the rate at which all these negative effects take its course would be minimised.

Homeschooling Pros and Cons Essay -- Home School Education Essays

Homeschooling Pros and Cons Homeschooling is a rising alternative in children’s education. As with any other major movement there have been doubts and debates as well as support and promotion for this educational approach. Homeschooling was once the norm in society before there was a public school system. But the parents involved in homeschooling feel very strongly about the positive outcomes that it has brought about in the lives and success of their children. It has once again surfaced and become popular but there are several people who question the possible negative effects this option creates. Criticism of homeschooling is vast and there are several different aspects as to why it could be detrimental to the development of a child. One such argument is that experiences of diversity are lost when students are taught in the home. They have lost the opportunity to work with peers of varying culture and social statuses in an academic environment. Such experiences are essential preparation for social and professional life outside the home. Without this training at an early age they may be at a disadvantage when forced to go out into the work force. Another reason why some people disapprove of homeschooling is that since the parents can design what is taught their children only are exposed to the parents’ views. This results in the children having limits on their ability to form their own views and ultimately forming their own unique personality and values. Also to be considered is lack of work ethic built through a structured school setting. The discipline that is learned will be used later on to maintain a steady job and allows them to become accustomed to the rigidity of professional industry. Also in the classroom children ... ...November 23, 2003, from EBSCOhost on the World Wide Web: http://search.epnet.com Ray, B. (2002). Customization through homeschooling. Educational Leadership 59(7), 50-55. Retrieved November 23, 2003, from EBSCOhost on the World Wide Web: http://search.epnet.com Reich, R. (2002). The civic perils of homeschooling. Educational Leadership 59(7), 56-60. Retrieved November 23, 2003, from EBSCOhost on the World Wide Web: http://search.epnet.com Staehle, D (2000). Taking a different path: A mother’s reflection on homeschooling. Roeper Review 22(4), 270-272. Retrieved November 23, 2003, from EBSCOhost on the World Wide Web: http://search.epnet.com Wichers, M. (2001). Homeschooling: Adventitious or detrimental for proficiency in higher education. Education 122(1), 145-151. Retrieved November 23, 2003, from EBSCOhost on the World Wide Web: http://search.epnet.com

John Stuart Mill Essay

The Indian Tax Structure is quite elaborate, with clear distinction in authority between Central, State and local governments. The taxes levied by the Central government are on income (other than tax on agriculture income which would be levied by the state government), customs duties, central excise and service tax. The State government levies Value Added Tax (VAT), sales tax in states where VAT is not applied, stamp duty, state excise, land revenue and tax on professions. Local bodies levy tax on property, octroi and for utilities like water supply, drainage etc. In the last 10 to 15 years, tax system in India has been subjected to significant reforms. The tax rates have been revised and tax laws have been modified. Since April 1, 2005 many State Governments in India have replaced the sales tax with VAT. Indian Tax Structure After Independence The period after Independence was quite challenging for the tax planners. A huge black economy set in both due to Second World War and the increase in economic activity after independence. Savings and investment were encouraged through the various taxation laws by the way of incentives. There was a need for generating huge amount of revenues to fund the economic growth of the country. The tax department took great care to plan the tax structure not only with the aspect to widen the income tax base, but also to look for alternate taxes and to eradicate tax avoidance . The department was severely tested due to the high volumes of work. Some of the prominent taxes that came into existence were: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Business Profits Tax (1947) Capital Gains (1946-48 to 1956) Estate Duty (1953) Wealth Tax (1957) Expenditure Tax (1957) Gift Tax (1958). To check the growth of black money, high denomination notes were demonetized in 1946. The Income tax Act was re modified in 1961, replacing the outdated law of 1922. Income Tax Structure Post Liberalization The wave of tax reforms which started across the world in the second half of 1980’s found its way into India. As part of its policy of liberalization, India introduced tax reforms in the 1990’s. The reforms introduced in the Indian tax structure are different in comparison to other countries. The tax reforms in India took place independent of interference from any external multilateral agency unlike some other countries. But the tax reforms took place in such a way as to ensure its adherence to the prevailing International trends. During the initial stages of reforms, the restructuring of the tax structure took place with a view to increase savings and use the increased savings towards investment, to bring in equitable distribution of income and to rectify the disparities due to oligopolistic market that existed due to co existence of both private and public sector. The tax structure reform in India can be used as an example for many developing countries that are in the same path of development, due to the large size of the country and the disproportion in the socio economic condition across the country. Direct Tax Direct tax is the tax which is charged directly on the tax payer. For e. g. property tax and income tax. In other words direct tax is that tax that is deducted from one’s salary. Direct Taxation in India Direct taxation in India is taken care by the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT); it is a division of Department of revenue under Ministry of Finance. CBDT is governed by the revenue act 1963. CBDT is given the authority to create and control direct taxes in India. The most important function of CBDT is to manage direct tax law followed by Income Tax department. In India the tax structure is divided amongst the central government and state government. The central government levies taxes on income, custom duties, central excise and service tax. While the state government levies tax like state excise, stamp duty, VAT (Value Added Tax), land revenue and professional tax. Local civic bodies levy tax on properties, octroi etc. Capital gains tax, personal income tax, tax on corporate income and tax incentives all come under the purview of direct tax. Direct taxes are charged on the basis of residential status and not on the basis of citizenship. The assessee are charged based upon the following factors †¢ †¢ †¢ Resident Resident but not ordinary resident. Nonresident. Direct Taxes Before Reform They had a major impact on economic policies, creation of savings and the trend of investment. There was no proportion in terms of the impact of direct taxes on the economy and there relative share in total tax revenues. The system of direct taxes was very much complex and inefficient because of the combination of high marginal rates of personal income and wealth taxation and high rates of corporate profits. The corporate tax was pretty high. It leads to large scale evasion. Members Of Parliament and Central Government Ministers get comparatively low salaries, but they are given a sitting allowance which is not taxable. Ministers, MP’s and other high ranking government officials get government allocated accommodation, where the charges are pretty less in comparison to the prevailing market rate. Growth in Direct Tax collection during the Financial Year 2008-09 Net direct tax collection during the fiscal 2008-09 stands at Rs. 338, 212 crore, up from Rs. 312, 202 crore during 2007-08, registering a growth of 8. 33 percent. Growth in Corporate Taxes was 10. 84 per cent, while Personal Income Tax (including FBT, STT and BCTT) grew at 9. 09%. Despite economic slow-down and substantial relief to noncorporate taxpayers, direct tax collections exceeded the previous year’s collection by about Rs. 26, 000 crore. Growth In Direct Tax Collection During The Financial Year 2009-2010. The net direct tax collections grew by 5. 77 per cent during the first two months of the current fiscal (2009-2010). It was Rs 24,158 crore compared to Rs 22,840 crore at the same time last year. Corporate tax grew at5. 56 per cent (Rs 8578 crore against Rs 8126 crore), while personal income tax (including FBT, STT and BCTT) grew at 5. 92 per cent (Rs 15,559 crore as against Rs 14,690 crore0. Overall refund outgo during the period increased by 26. 19 per cent (Rs 11,375 crore as against Rs 9014 crore)while refunds to non corporate taxpayers grew by 61. 7 per cent (Rs 2,149 crore against Rs 1,329 crore). Corporate Tax A company has been defined as a juristic person having an independent and separate legal entity from its shareholders. Income of the company is computed and assessed separately in the hands of the company. However the income of the company which is distributed to its shareholders as dividend is assessed in their individual hands. Such distribution of income is not treated as expenditure in the hands of company, the income so distributed is an appropriation of the profits of the company. Taxable Corporate Income The tax levied on a company’s income is based on its legal residence. Companies of Indian origin are levied tax in India, while International companies are levied tax on earnings from their Indian operations. For International companies’ royalty, interest, gains from sale of capital assets within India, dividends from Indian companies and fees for technical services are all treated as income arising in India. Tax On Distributed Profits Till 1997, a company was not required to pay any income tax on the amount of dividends declared, distributed or paid by such company. But such dividend was included in the income of the shareholders under the head â€Å"income from other sources†. The finance act 1997 brought about changes to the rule. A) Tax On Distributed Profits Of The Domestic Company The domestic company would be required to pay additional income tax on any amount declared, distributed or paid by such company by way of dividend (be it interim or otherwise) on or after 1-06-1997,be it from current or accumulated profits. Such additional income tax shall be payable @ 10 per cent of the amount so distributed. Even if no income tax is payable by the company on it total income, the additional tax would have to be paid. B) Exemption Of Dividend In The Hands Of Shareholders In view of the income tax now payable by the domestic company, any dividends declared, distributed or paid by such company, on or after 01-06-1997 shall be exempt in the hands of the shareholders. Time limit for deposit of additional income tax: Such additional tax will have to be paid by the principal officer of the domestic company within 14 days from the date of: a) Declaration of any dividend. b) Distribution of any dividend. c) Payment of any dividend, whichever is earlier. Additional income-tax is not allowed as deduction: The company shall not be allowed any deduction on account of such additional income tax under any provisions of the income tax act. Indian Budget 2008 Indian Corporate Taxation Minimum Alternate Tax To wipe out the ambiguity on adjustments relating to tax entries in the profit and loss account, it is proposed that the â€Å"book profits† be increased by an amount of DDT paid, amount of deferred tax paid and deferred tax provision debited to Profit and Loss Account. Dividend Distributing Tax In order to overcome the domino effect of DDT, it has been suggested that any dividend received by a domestic company (C1) during any financial year from its subsidiary (C2) shall be allowed to be deducted from dividend to be declared/distributed/paid by C1, to calculate DDT, if the dividends so received by C1 had been scrutinized to payment of DDT by C2. At the same time C1 must not be a subsidiary of any other company. Business Income The Budget 2008 has proposed have a weighted deduction of 125% with respect to any sum paid for scientific research to a domestic company doing scientific research and development. To remove multiple deductions, it has been proposed some Indian companies incurring the expenses would not be able to use the weighted deduction of 150 per cent as prescribed under the provisions of the Act. Income Tax In India Income tax in India is levied by the Central government and is monitored and controlled by Central Board OF Direct Taxes under Ministry of Finance in allay with the provisions of the Income Tax Act. Income earned in a given financial year is subject to tax as per the rates prescribed for that year. A financial calendar is from April 1 to March 31 of the following year. India has adopted the residential form of tax system. It means tax payers will be divided into residents or non residents. A tax payer can also be classified as ordinary residents. Residential Status An individual is resident in India if he is in India in the tax year for: †¢ †¢ †¢ 182 days or more; or 60 days or more (the period of 60 days stands changed to 182 days or more for Indian citizens or persons of Indian origins on a visit to India; and also for citizens of India who leave India for employment abroad as member of a crew of an Indian ship) during the tax year, and an aggregate of 365 days or more during the four years preceding the tax year. An individual who does not satisfy the above conditions is a non-resident. A resident is â€Å"not ordinarily resident† in India in any tax year if he: †¢ †¢ †¢. Has been â€Å"non-resident† in India in nine out of the 10 previous years preceding that year: or Has during the previous seven years, preceding that year, been in India for a total period of 729 days or less. Taxability based on status Taxability Based On Status Residential Status Indian Sourced Income Foreign Sourced Income Resident Taxable In India Taxable In India Resident but not ordinarily resident Taxable In India Not Taxable In India Non resident Taxable In India Not Taxable In India Heads Of Income Income can be divided into five categories. The income that falls within the tax component is disclosed in line with rules for a particular head and then cumulated to determine the aggregate income to be taxed. But losses under certain categories cannot be cumulated with income gained under other categories. Salaries: It covers those monetary gains that are obtained for services performed and would include wages, pension, fees and commission . Standard deduction is taken from the salary and the amount of deduction depends upon the income received. Income From House property: It involves income earned by renting residential and commercial property. Only two authorized deductions are allowed while calculating income. Profits And Gains From Business Or Profession: It covers monetary benefits gained from business or profession minus the permissible deductions, against the revenue earned. Capital Gains: It deals with gains due to transfer of assets. The duration of holding determines the classification of the asset, which then decides the method of taxation. Capital assets held for 36 months (12 months in case of shares/securities) are taken as short term assets, while all other capital assets are taken as long term capital assets. Long term assets have the advantage of lower rate of tax. Income From Other Sources: It is the remaining category of income and takes care of all income not covered by any category. Foreign Nationals The tax law in India allows for exemption of income earned by foreign nationals for services provided in India, under certain condition: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Remuneration from a foreign enterprise not conducting any business in India, provided the individual’s stay in India does not exceed 90 days and the payment made is not deducted in computing the income of the employer; Remuneration received by a person employed on a foreign ship provided his stay in India does not exceed 90 days; Remuneration of foreign diplomats, consular staff, trade officials and their staff and family; and Income of an employee or consultant of a government approved foreign charitable institutions. Payment from an International unit not having any business in India on condition that the individual does not reside in India for more than 90 days and the remuneration made is not subtracted in calculating the income of the employer. Payment obtained by a person working on an International ship under condition he does not reside in India for more than 9 days. Payment for foreign diplomats, consular staff, trade officials and their staff and family and Earnings of an employee or consultant of a government approved foreign charitable institutions. India Budget 2008 Personal Taxation Basic Tax Rates Income (INR) Up to 150,0000 150,001-300,000 300,001-500,000 Above Tax Rate Nil 10% 20% 30% *Basic exemption for women and senior citizens will be INR 180,000 and INR 225,000 respectively. Wealth Taxation In India The wealth taxation in India is known as the wealth tax act, 1957. It applies to all the citizens of the country. It is one of the most important direct taxes. It is paid on the property ownership benefits. Till a person retains the ownership of a property, he or she has to pay wealth tax based on the prevailing market rate. Even if the property is not yielding any income, Wealth tax would have to be paid. Payment Procedures Of The Wealth Tax In India An Assessee is one who pays the wealth tax. An assessee can belong to any of the following categories: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ A Company. A Hindu undivided family. An Association of Persons or a Body of Individuals. Non corporative taxpayers. A dead person’s legal representative, the executor or administrator. A non resident’s agent. For a Hindu Undivided Family the tax is considered on the income derived from joint family collections. But for a non-corporative taxpayers, whose account is audited they have to pay the wealth tax according to the existing tax rate. Chargeability To Wealth Tax In India One of the main factors for a person to pay the wealth tax in India is the persons domicile status. According to the act, the domicile status of the assessee and the domicile status of the same needed for payment of the Income Tax must remain similar. Another factor based on which wealth tax is computed is the status of the assessee, whether he is a citizen or a non citizen. For citizens the wealth of the person within India is taxed, while for non citizens the wealth of the person within India is taxed, while the wealth located outside India is not taxed. Assets On Which Wealth Tax Is Charged The assets on which wealth tax is chargeable in India are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Residence like guesthouse, residential house, urban farmhouse and commercial property. Automobile for personal use. Precious items like jewelry, bullion, furniture, utensils. Yachts, boats and aircrafts used for non commercial purposes. Urban land under the authority of municipality or cantonment board having a population of, 10,000 and more. If the cash in hand is more than Rs 50000 for individuals and Hindu Undivided Families. Indirect tax Charge levied by the State on consumption, expenditure, privilege, or right but not on income or property. Customs duties levied on imports, excise duties on production, sales tax or value added tax (VAT) at some stage in production-distribution process, are examples of indirect taxes because they are not levied directly on the income of the consumer or earner. Since they are less obvious than income tax (because they don’t show up on the wage slip) politicians are tempted to increase them to generate more state revenue. Also called consumption taxes, they are regressive measures because they are not based on the ability to pay principle. Indirect Tax System India Indirect Taxes Pre Reforms The indirect tax structure was extremely irrational between the reforms. The Constitution gives the permission to levy a multitude of indirect taxes. But the most important ones are customs and excise duties charged by the Central government and sales tax excepting inter state sales tax to be charged by the state government. The indirect taxes levied by the centre like customs, excise and central sales tax and the major indirect taxes levied by the states and civic bodies like passenger and goods tax, electricity duty and octroi when taken together did not present a rational system. Indirect Taxes Post Reforms †¢ †¢ †¢ Even post reforms, the indirect tax regime in India is still in the early stages of growth. Both the Central and State governments charge a multitude of indirect taxes. The central government charges tax on goods at the point of import (Customs duty), manufacture (Excise duty), inter state sales (Central sales tax or CST) and on provision of services (Service tax). The state governments charge tax on goods sold within the state (Sales tax/Value Added Tax or VAT), and on the goods that enter the state (Entry tax). In the present scenario corporate would have to analyze the tax cost involved in a transaction, have enough backup documentation to support their tax positions and keep looking for ways for tax maximization. India Budget 2008 Indirect Taxes As per the Ministry Of Finance there has been significant development in planning for introducing the goods and services tax (GST) from April 1 2010. As a first step the rate of central sales tax (CST) is under proposal to be decreased to 2 per cent from April1 2008. The general rate of central value added tax (CENVAT) has been decreased from 16 per cent to 14 per cent across all goods. Custom Duties Customs regulation in India is through the Customs act. The Customs act came into existence in 1962 at a time when the â€Å"License Quota Permit Raj† system existed in the country. It came into existence to check illegal imports and exports of goods. All imports into the country would be charged a duty, to give protection to the Indian industries and to check the amount of imports with a view to secure the exchange rate of the country. Customs duty on goods imported or exported from India are levied according to the Tariff Act 1975. To monitor imports and exports, the Central government has the authority to inform the ports and airports for the unloading of the imported goods and loading of the exported goods, the location for clearance of goods imported or exported, the routes by which above goods may pass by land or inland water into or out of Indian ports. According to the custom laws, the following are the various types of duties which can be charged. Basic Duty As the name suggests, it is the normal duty charged under the Customs Act. Additional Duty This duty is levied under section 3(1) of the Customs Tariff Act and is equal to excise duty levied on a like product manufactured or produced in India. Anti Dumping Duty International sellers may at times export goods into India at prices which would be less than the prices they would be charging in their domestic market. The reason for this is to capture the Indian markets, which is against the interest of the Indian industry. This economic phenomenon is called dumping. To avoid dumping the Central government may charge additional duty equal to the margin of dumping on such articles provided the goods have been sold at less than normal price. Countries which are signatories to the GATT or countries with â€Å"Most Favored Nation Status† cannot be charged dumping duty. India Budget 2008 Custom Duty †¢ †¢ †¢ The peak rate of basic customs duty (BCD) on all agricultural products is 10 per cent. For certain industries, customs duty has been reduced. For project imports the duty has been reduced from 7. 5 per cent to 5 per cent. In place of sales tax/value added tax (VAT) the additional duty of customs at 4 per cent has been induced on power generation projects. A Countervailing Duty (CVD) of 1 per cent has been charged on mobile phones. Double Taxation Relief A condition in which two or more taxes may need to be paid for the same asset, financial transaction or income is known as double taxation. It generally takes place due to the overlapping of the tax laws and regulations of different countries. Thus, double taxation occurs when a taxpayer is charged income tax, both at his country of residence as well as in the country where the income is generated. Taking into account the laws of income tax in India, a non-resident becomes liable to tax payment in India, given that it is the place where the income is generated. Moreover, he has to additionally bear the burden of tax payment in his own country, by virtue of the inclusion of the same income in the ‘total world income’, which forms the tax base of the country where he resides. To effectively deal with the problems related to double taxation, Central Government, under Section 90 of the Income Tax Act of1961, has been certified to enter into Double Tax Avoidance Agreements (DTAA) with other countries. These agreements are meant to alleviate various problems related with double taxation. So far, India has entered into Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements with 65 countries, including U. S. A, Canada, U. K, Japan, Germany, Australia, Singapore, U. A. E and Switzerland. The tax treatises offers relaxation from double taxation, by providing release or by providing credits for taxes paid in one of the countries. Under Section 90 and 91 of the Income Tax Act, relief against double taxation in India is provided in two ways: Double Taxation Relief In India Double taxation relief in India is of two type’s Unilateral relief and Bilateral relief. Unilateral Relief Under Section 91, Indian government can relieve an individual from burden of double taxation, irrespective of whether there is a DTAA between India and the other country concerned or not, under certain conditions. Cases where a person enjoys double taxation relief as per the unilateral relief scheme are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ If the person or company has been a resident of India in the previous year. If the person or company has paid income tax under the laws of the foreign country. The same income should be gained and received by the tax payer outside India in the previous year. The income should have been taxed in India and in a country with which India has no tax treaty Bilateral Relief Under Section 90, Indian government provides protection against double taxation by entering into a mutually agreed tax treaty (DTAA) with another country. Under bilateral relief, protection against double taxation is provided either by completely avoidance of overlapping tax or waiving a certain amount of the tax payable in India. Excise Duty Central excise duty is an indirect tax which is charged on such goods that are manufactured in India and are meant for domestic consumption. The taxable fact is â€Å"manufacture† and the liability of central excise duty arises as soon as the goods are manufactured. The tax is on manufacturing, it is paid by a manufacturer, which is then passed on to the customer. The term â€Å"excisable goods† means the goods which are specified in the First Schedule and the Second Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act 1985. The term â€Å"manufacture† refers to any process †¢ †¢ †¢ Related or supplementary to the combination of a manufactured product. Which is specified in relation to any goods in the Section or Chapter Notes of the First Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act 1985 as amounting to manufacture or Which in relation to the goods specified in the Third Schedule involves packing or repacking of such goods in a unit container or labeling or re-labeling of containers including the declaration or alteration of retail sale price on it or adoption of any other treatment on the goods to render the product marketable to the consumer. Three different types of Central Excise Duties exist in India. They are listed below: Basic Excise Duty In India Excise Duty, imposed under section 3 of the ‘Central Excises and Salt Act’ of1944 on all excisable goods other than salt produced or manufactured in India, at the rates set forth in the schedule to the Central Excise tariff Act, 1985, falls under the category of Basic Excise Duty In India. Additional Duty of Excise Section 3 of the ‘Additional Duties of Excise Act’ of 1957 permits the charge and collection of excise duty in respect of the goods as listed in the Schedule of this Act. This tax is shared between the Central and State Governments and charged instead of Sales Tax. Special Excise Duty According to Section 37 of the Finance Act, 1978, Special Excise Duty is levied on all excisable goods that come under taxation, in line with the Basic Excise Duty under the Central Excises and Salt Act of 1944. Therefore, each year the Finance Act spells out that whether the Special Excise Duty shall or shall not be charged, and eventually collected during the relevant financial year. India Budget 2008 Excise Duty †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The general rate of CENVAT has been brought down from 16 per cent to 14 per cent. The CENVAT on many goods like cars, writing paper, printing paper and packing paper, drugs and pharmaceuticals, water filtration and purification devices, pan masala not containing tobacco etc have been decreased. For goods like anti AIDS drugs and bulk drugs, packaged tender coconut water, tea and coffee mixes, specified refrigeration equipment, etc have been exempt from excise duty. For packaged software the duty has been increased from 8 per cent to 12 per cent. The duty of 1 per cent on National Calamity and Contingent Duty has been imposed on mobile phones. Permanent Account Number (PAN) Permanent Account Number or PAN is issued by the Income Tax Office of India, to all those who are required to pay income tax in the country. Thus, taxpayers whose income is taxable are issued a Permanent Account Number, which is similar to the Social Security Number issued in United States to citizens and other legal residents. So, PAN in India is nothing, but a national identification number. The main purpose of allotting PAN card is to outline the monetary transactions of individuals and to avert any sort of tax evasion by tax payers. Apart from keeping a track on the various financial dealings of a person, a PAN is also required for many other important activities. As every individual is assigned a unique, national and permanent number as his/her PAN, the number is required while opening an account, applying for a phone line, receiving salary or other professional fees. Thus, it becomes an authentic document, proving the identity of the individual. The PAN of a person remains the same even if there is residential change of address from one state to another. Each individual entitled to a Permanent Account Number receives a PAN card, wherein the number is mentioned. The PAN follows the following structure – XXXXX1111X. The first five characters are letters; the next 4 are numerals, and the last character is again a letter. A Permanent Account Number that doesn’t follow this pattern is deemed as invalid. Moreover, the fourth character of the PAN is one of the following, depending on the type of assessee who is allotted the number. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ C – Company P – Person H – Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) F – Firm A – Association of Persons (AOP) T – AOP (Trust) B – Body of Individuals (BOI) L – Local Authority J – Artificial Juridical Person G – Government In addition, the fifth character of the PAN is the first character in the surname of the assessee. Though PAN is generally issued to individuals to keep track of the tax payment, it can however also be issued to non-taxpayers in India. Sales Tax In India Sales Tax in India is a form of tax that is imposed by the government on the sale or purchase of a particular commodity within the country. Sales Tax is imposed under both, Central Government (Central Sales Tax) and State Government (Sales Tax) Legislation. Generally, each state follows its own sales tax act and levies tax at various rates. Apart from sales tax, certain states also imposes additional charges like works contracts tax, turnover tax and purchaser tax. Thus, sales tax acts as a major revenuegenerator for the various State Governments. Sales tax is an indirect form of tax, wherein it is the responsibility of the seller of the commodity to collect and recover the tax from the purchaser. Generally, sale of imported items and sales by way of export are not included in the range of commodities which requires payment of sales tax. Moreover, luxury items (like cosmetics) are levied heavier sales tax rates. Central Sales Tax (CST) Act that falls under the direction of the Central Government takes into account all the interstate sales of commodities. Thus, sales tax is to be paid by every dealer on the sale of any commodity, made by him during inter-state trade or commerce, irrespective of the fact that no liability to pay tax on the sale of goods arises under the tax laws of the appropriate state. He is to pay sales tax to the sales tax authority of the state from which the movement of the commodities commences. However, from April 01, 2005, most of the states in India have supplemented sales tax with a new Value Added Tax (VAT). The practice of VAT executed by State Governments is applied on each stage of sale, with a particular apparatus of credit for the input VAT paid. VAT in India can be classified under the following tax slabs: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 0% for essential commodities 1% on gold ingots and expensive stones 4% on industrial inputs, capital merchandise and commodities of mass consumption 12. 5% on other items Variable rates (state-dependent) are applicable for petroleum products, tobacco, liquor etc. Service Tax in India Constitutional Provision Article 265 of the Constitution stresses that no service tax in India shall be charged or collected other than by the concerned authority. Schedule VII divides this subject into three different sections †¢ Union list (only Central government has power of legislation). †¢ †¢ State list (only State government has power of legislation). Concurrent list (both central and state government can pass legislation). An amendment (95th amendment) in 2003 was made to enable the Central government to decide the method of charging service tax and the means of collection of proceeds by the central government and state government. Subsequently a new article 268 A has been introduced for levy of service tax by Central government. Creation Of DGST The department of Director General (Service Tax) was created in 1997 to handle the huge workload resulting due to the increasing importance of service tax. The Director General (Service Tax) is in charge of the department and his role and authority are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ .